The Life and Accomplishments of Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius (r. A.D. 161-180) was a Stoic philosopher and one of the five good Roman emperors (r. A.D. 161-180). He was born on April 26, A.D. 121, according to DIR Marcus Aurelius, or perhaps April 6 or 21. He died on March 17, 180. His Stoic philosophical writings are known as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, which were written in Greek. He was succeeded by his son the infamous Roman emperor Commodus. It was during the reign of Marcus Aurelius that the Marcomannic War broke out at the northern frontier of the empire. It was also the time of the important physician Galen who wrote about a particularly virulent pandemic that was given Marcus Aurelius family name. Quick Facts Name at birth: Marcus Annius VerusName as emperor: Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus AugustusDates: April 26, 121 - March 17, 180Parents: Annius Verus and Domitia Lucilla;Adoptive father: (Emperor) Antoninus PiusWife: Faustina, daughter of Hadrian; 13 children, including Commodus Family History and Background Marcus Aurelius, originally Marcus Annius Verus, was the son of the Spanish Annius Verus, who had received patrician rank from Emperor Vespasian, and Domitia Calvilla or Lucilla. Marcus father died when he was three months old, at which time his grandfather adopted him. Later, Titus Antoninus Pius adopted Marcus Aurelius at the age of 17 or 18 as part of an agreement he had made with Emperor Hadrian promoting Antoninus Pius to the status of heir. Career The Augustan History says that it was when Marcus was adopted as heir that he was first called Aurelius instead of Annius. Antoninus Pius made Marcus consul and caesar in A.D. 139. In 145, Aurelius married his sister by adoption, Faustina, daughter of Pius. After they had a daughter, he was granted tribunician power and imperium outside Rome. When Antoninus Pius died in 161, the Senate awarded the imperial power to Marcus Aurelius; however, Marcus Aurelius gave joint power to his brother (by adoption) and called him Lucius Aurelius Verus Commodus. The two co-ruling brothers are referred to as Antonines -- as in the Antonine plague of 165–180. Marcus Aurelius ruled from A.D. 161-180. Imperial Hotspots SyriaArmenia (Marcus Aurelius took the name Armeniacus)Parthia (took the name Parthicus)Chatti (took the name Germanicus by 172 since the name appears in inscriptions then [Cassius Dio])BritonsMarcomanni (when Aurelius defeated them and freed the Pannonian provinces, he and his son Commodus celebrated a triumph) Plague As Marcus Aurelius was preparing for the Marcommanic War (along the Danube, between Germanic tribes and Rome), a plague broke out killing thousands. The Antonini (Marcus Aurelius and his co-emperor/brother-by adoption) helped with burials expenses. Marcus Aurelius also aided the Romans in time of famine and so is thought of as a particularly benevolent rule. Death Marcus Aurelius died in March 180. Before his funeral, he had been declared a god. When his wife, Faustina, had died in 176, Marcus Aurelius asked the Senate to deify her and built her a temple. The gossipy Augustan History says that Faustina had not been a chaste wife and that it was considered a stain on Marcus Aurelius reputation that he promoted her lovers. Marcus Aurelius ashes were put in Hadrians mausoleum. Marcus Aurelius was succeeded by his biological heir, in contradistinction to the previous four good emperors. Marcus Aurelius son was Commodus. The Column of Marcus Aurelius The Column of Marcus Aurelius had a spiral staircase leading to a top from which one could view the Antonine funerary monuments in the Campus Martius. Marcus Aurelius German and Sarmatian campaigns were shown in relief sculptures spiraling up the 100-Roman-foot column. The Meditations Between 170 and 180, Marcus Aurelians wrote 12 books of generally pithy observations from what is considered a Stoic perspective while emperor, in Greek. These are known as his Meditations. Source â€Å"Marcus Aurelius Antoninus - 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica - Bible Encyclopedia.†Ã‚  StudyLight.org, www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/bri/m/marcus-aurelius-antoninus.html.

Gender Inequality In Hamlet - 1261 Words

As I perused through CNN, an article titled â€Å"Why China has so few female leaders† caught my attention. According to the article, The Baju Culture, discriminatory policy and the anti-feminism were the reasons China only had two female leaders. However, when observing the world trend, it seems many opportunities and resources are granted to women. Many articles of The New York Times reveal young women as being less dependent on men, higher achievers, ahead of men in education, receiving higher earnings, even referring this moment as the period of a â€Å"reverse gender gap†. Despite the decrease in the gender gap, with the outrageous scandals surrounding Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein, and the increase in political strife and organizations†¦show more content†¦And yet within a month/Let me not think on’t Frailty, thy name is woman† (1.2.147-150)! To Hamlet, his mother’s actions are intolerable as she shows a swift and radical change fro m mourning for old Hamlet’s death to marrying his brother. Not only she shows a lack of grief, but also, she shows a physical attachment towards Claudius; this is apparent when Hamlet states, â€Å"‘She married. O, most wicked speed, to post/ With such dexterity to incestuous sheets’† (I.II.161-2)! Therefore, with repugnance, Hamlet criticizes not only Gertrude but also women in general for their weakness and their actions that are driven by emotions rather than reflection. Hamlet refers her actions as dependent and compliant, often showing fickleness. Gertrude’s frailty is depicted again during her interactions with Hamlet who exclaims â€Å" ‘Proclaim no shame/ When the compulsive ardor gives the charge†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ † (III.IV.95-6), showing that Gertrude is driven by emotion and seems Many of the times women are expected to follow the commands of the men, often leading to being patronized. Such action is frequently portrayed by Laertes and Polonius. Ophelia, who abides by the orders of the male characters, is shown with the inability to make her own decisions and influenced by the sayings of the men around her. Such incompetence is shown during the interaction between Polonius and Ophelia when the two characters discuss the credibility of Hamlet’s love. When Ophelia believes Hamlet isShow MoreRelatedOphelia And Feminism Essay1471 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play Hamlet Written by William Shakespeare Ophelia is objectified based upon her gender and virginity by her brother Laertes, and is cast aside and treated like a powerless second class citizen by Hamlet. The Oxford Dictionary defines feminism as â€Å"The advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of the equality of the sexes.† Applying the feminist ideal as stated in the previous definition to O phelia’s situation we can reach the conclusion that Ophelia was not treated with the respect and givenRead MoreA Brief Note On William Shakespeare s Hamlet 1134 Words   |  5 Pages Sagar Garg Mr. Wilson IB Literature and Language March 14th 2015 Written Task - Hamlet How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? Outline Paragraph #1 - Introduction Talk about background of play, date, author, major characters How women are represented in the play Women oppressed at the time period at which Hamlet was written in Introduce Ophelia and Gertrude Oppressed by the patriarchal society Paragraph #2 - Body Paragraph 1 - Gertrude Who is Gertrude Gertrude’s valuesRead MoreComparison Of Ophelia And Hamlet By William Shakespeare1382 Words   |  6 Pagescould. 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In Hamlet, the roles of women are minor yet essential to the plot and flow of the play. They have no standing in the society and their voices are never heard. Gertrude and Ophelia, the prince s lover are the only two women in the play that have been portrayed as weak, manipulative and can be used. Their actions and fates are greatly influenced by the men sRead MoreHamlet Character Analysis1502 Words   |  7 PagesWritten by William Shakespeare, Hamlet has a strong relationship with the authors society and era, being the late 1500’s to early 1600’s. Hamlet, a character is confliction with his society, shows different views and actions to his fellow Danish men. 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Fall of Roman Empire free essay sample

Every glories Empire has one day to decline and fall, but every decline has causes and resons behind them, so we are going to discuss some of the key factors that played important role in the fall of once a mighty empire. The empire which was said to be unconquereable, and undefeatable because of its huge expensions and its population as well as its governance, and the key factors due to which that mighty empire had to see its decline. Background and History: The beginning and foundation of Roman empire is a myth. Rome began anexing provinces in the 3rd century BC. Augustus became the first emperor of Roman Empire after he defeated Cleopatra in 31 BC, saving the Roman Empire and making Egypt its province. The reign of Agustus whose real name was Octavious and Augustus was the title given to him lasted for 40 years, era known as the Golden Age rome as rome has extended its territories very large. [1] During Antiquity Age or Ancient age Rome was known as the biggest Economical, Military, Social power of the world along with other big Empires like Persia. Rome had the civilized socierty, great architecture, government structure, military, huge territory mostly expanding over the now a days Europe, and great power status. During its early stages religion of rome was polytheistic which they inspired from Ancient Greek dieties and by changing the names of dieties took the religion but later Chritianity took over the Rome and became the state religion of Rome [2]. . After seeing the era of glory and as the Biggest Empire of ancient age, Era of Roman empire came to an end. After its end Chritian Roman Empire came to existence. Factors for the Decline of Roman Empire. Religious Factor: For every civilization and Empire religion has been the main factor for the rise and fall of it. So as the case with Roman Empire religion has been considered as one of the main Factors to which it falls from the glory. During the Ancient Ages the state religion of the Roman Empire was polytheistic, which the people of Rome had assumed from the Greek dieties, they changed thier name and acquired it as their religion. In the Roman Empire same dieties were worshiped but under the different name in different parts of the Empire. People were tolerent and accomodating towords new dieties and the the religious expiriences of other people. After the beginning and spreading of Christianity, which people accepted quickly as the belief of Chritianity was to beleive in one God insted of worshiping different dieties. Christianity also gave the belief in the after life and hope and courage to people who desperate. At first Christianity was supressed in early ages, but after Emperor Constantine pronounced Christianity as the states religion, the new religion grew its root in the lower class of society and with time to the whole Empire. As the growth of Christianity the church and monestry grew into power so the power of pope, with the decline in the authority of the Emperor. Which is thought be one of the reasons behind the Decline of Roman Empire. [3] Decline in Moral Values: One of the main Reason for the fall of the Roman empire was the decline in the moral values of the society, especially in the difference between the upper rich classes, nobles and emperors. Immoral and unathical behavoiours such as adultry and orgies rise, and so the borthel and forced prostituation flourished. With the decline in the morals of the society saw the decline in petroitism in people and people became less alligience to the state [5]. The decline in the morals of the society also effected the poor class and slaves in the Roman Empire and with that extend of the decline in morals in all the classes of society became one of the factor for the fall of Roman Empire. [4] Slavary: Slavary became one of the reason for the fall of Roman Empire. During the first two centries of Roman Empire slavary grew dramatically, and with the increase in number of slaves caused the decline in the morals of the society, ethics and more importantly in the development and need for the new technology. As Roman people relied more on the slaves and man power instead of the technology. Due to the wrong and cruel treatment with the slaves led to the reballions and slave wars. But with the advent of Christianity the attitude towards slaves changed and so in the numbers of slaves declined, with the decline of the slaves the man power on which the whole Roman Empire was dependend declined, which caused a major blow toward the fall of Roman Empire as the tackle this crisis there was no technology to replace the needed man power. External and internal Threats and Military Spendings: As the Roman Empire expanded its territories very rapidly and conquered a large are, came the need to defend its borders and territories from invasion by the Barbarians and other threats. And for that reason a large number of army was required and more and more soldiers were hired. The people of the conquered territories hated Rome for their conquere, more and more taxes were implemented on those people which made them to continuously rebbel against the empire. A large ammount of money was spent on the hiring and training of soldiers. The barbarians and the other mecenries were also allowed to join in the army, which caused in the over-streching of the army and heaving spending on them. The barbarians and mecenries who joined the military of Rome gained the knowledge of the Roman military tactics and Roman style warfare by serving the military. Eventually turned against the Roman empire and used thier tactics and warfare again them to take down the Roman Empire. [5] Failing Economy and Inflation: Economy has always remained the main factor in the fall of civilization and Empire. When for some reason economy is effected, so the people are, mostly the low or poor class is effected because of fail in economy. As far with rome, rome was in the state of continuous war to defend its over-streached territory and supress the rebellions and barbarians of the lands they conquered, Rome was always threatened by the bankruptcy and failing economy [5]. Due to the heavy spending on the Roman military the productivity of good in Rome declined and so the Rome became more dependent over the foreign products. Due to decline in the moral and ethical values of society and people, breakdown the labour force occurred. Some and the main parts of the empires were not taxed but the other conquered and least important territories were heavly taxed [6]. Political Reason: Politics is a very important and essential part of the society. The rise and fall of empire widely depends of its political structure, even religion, military, economy and goverment widely depends on the political establishment of the society. Courrption and failuir in the politics causes the major reson in the fall of civilization. For Rome its politics was the integral part of the Empire. The Roman Empire was Republic and was governed by the elected counsul, the senate, and the piebian council, which was the popular assembly of Rome [7]. The courrption in counsul, senate and piebian councile was one of the main reasons for the fall of Empire. The other political courrption was in the Praetorian Guards, who were the elite soldiers and bodyguards of the emperors sworn to protect the emperor with their lives, few in numbers but strong in power. Their corruption led and grew to such extant that they started to decide on when and weather the emperor should be deposed or who should be made the next emperor of the Roman Empire. Public Corruption: One of the reasons for the fall of the roman empire was the unemploment of the working class and the cost of the Gladiatorial game. If the thousands of the people of Roman Empire are unemloyed and they are bored and nothing to they would start civil unrest and roits in the street. So, the Roman leader distracted these people with free food and gladiatorial games. Instead of speanding money for the betterment of people and to provide job oppertunities for these people, a large sum of money was spended over the games to amuse these people, so they do not start roiting in the street and cause civil unrest, the corrupt politician used these games and free food to gain the favor and support over the unemployment people, these games cost one third of the total income of the whole Roman Empire. Reference: [1]. http://www. historyworld. net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories. sp? historyid=ac58. [2]. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome. [3]. http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-empire/causes-for-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire. htm [4]. http://www. roman-colosseum. info/roman-empire/causes-for-the-fall-of-the-roman-empire. htm. [5]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm. [6]. http://www. angelfire. com/darkside/sjhscult/notes/unit1/fall_rome. htm. [7]. http://www. enotes. com/roman-empire-reference-guide/ roman-empire.

What Have You Been Doing Lately Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper # 8220 ; What I Have Been Doing Lately # 8221 ; is the rolling journey of a cryptic storyteller. The narrative begins with her prevarication in bed when the buzzer rings. Her province of ( un ) consciousness is non revealed. ( Does she wake up? ) The scenes of the narrative displacement within an vague and obscure clip and infinite. A narrative of approaching and traveling, return and going, the storyteller walks and walks, go forthing familiar landscapes to come in unfamiliar 1s to return to the familiar once more. The subdivisions of the narrative merge finally into a round narration, a buzzer pealing in the farewell and in the shutting lines. With an extra word, a turn of sentence construction, Kincaid differentiates the first subdivision from the 2nd and transforms the bureau of the topic. She heeds the call of the buzzer in the first subdivision by running downstairs. Quick. In the 2nd portion the action is slowed, # 8220 ; I went downstairs and opened the door but there was no 1 at that place. We will write a custom essay sample on What Have You Been Doing Lately Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first subdivision, she walks past the monkey, simply observing its being. In the sec ond portion, she throws several stones at it. Her inability to construct a span strands her on the shore of the big organic structure of H2O in the first subdivision, while in the 2nd subdivision, she pays a menu and rides a boat across. This tendency does non keep to be wholly true throughout the two subdivisions. Although the storyteller is much more active in the 2nd subdivision, one of the most arresting scenes in portion one is when the storyteller asks # 8220 ; what # 8217 ; s down at that place? # 8221 ; and intentionally throws herself into a hole. Not merely does she throw herself in, but she reverses herself. Tiing in with my reading of the narrative as a dream, I would place this is an illustration of limpid dreaming ; the ability to straight command, alteration, or pull strings a desirable or unwanted facet of a dream. This ability, nevertheless, is a slippery one, attesting infrequently, non normally a regular happening. At the terminal of the narrative, the storyteller is still trapped in the tintinnabulation buzzer rhythm, and is suffering. Alternatively of the unconscious resorting to clarity, she comforts herself, strokes her ain caput.

The Roaring 1920s

Question Response Example

Question Response Example Question Response – Coursework Example Question Response Question Response Sufism can be described as the inner dimension that exists within the Muslim faith. The mystical nature of Sufism involves the selfless acceptance of experiencing truth, through love and devotion of anyone and everything. Unlike other religions where the belief of being fully closer to God in life is not so deeply rooted, Sufism creates the intrinsic belief that an individual can fully embrace the divine presence of God while still living. Sufism involves enlightening individuals to believe that an individual can become one with God in this life, and not just in the final judgment and death. The main reason as to why Sufism may appeal to a large number of people is the openness and inclusiveness brought on by it. It is often believed that Sufis can preach to every individual in their presence, regardless of their religious affiliation. This means that Sufis are comfortable doing prayers anywhere; a synagogue, a temple, or even a church. The basic d octrine that surrounds Sufism is spiritual enlightenment. The principle surrounding this is largely focused on asceticism, which requires individuals to live simply. That being said, material needs and desires are not a subject of concern. It is believed that as the prophet Muhammad lived in poverty, Sufis should also strive to find happiness in life without the presence of material things. The knowledge that surrounds the principles and lifestyles of Sufis comes largely from their interpretation of the Qur’an. This makes them believe that their search for the truth refreshes Islam from within. It is my belief that Sufis are true Muslims, and that their doctrine should not be shunned for the differences that exist.

Research paper about Florence Nightingale Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

About Florence Nightingale - Research Paper Example Instead, she retired from public life to use her influence to campaign and promote educational schemes. Her impact was probably greater for choosing to influence policy rather than exercising power. Florence Nightingale wrote 200 books, reports and pamphlets after the Crimean War, which had a profound effect on army health, welfare in India, civil hospitals, medical statistics and nursing. Her greatest educational contributions were in the establishment of new institutions for the training of army doctors and hospital nurses, but some of her lesser-known educational schemes are illuminating. Florence Nightingale has been studied as a reformer, statistician, administrator and researcher, but studies of her impact on education have remained limited. The main history of Nightingale nurse training (Baly, 1986) ignores the broader context of Florence Nightingale’s educational views to focus on the often fraught administrative history of the early Nightingale School for nurses. It i s not surprising that there should exist many common threads uniting the various aspects of education with which Florence Nightingale was involved. Her own education and training had no outlet until the age of 31.